br Conclusion br Disclosure The authors declare

Conclusion
Disclosure The authors declare no conflicts of interest. I.R. is supported by the Wellcome Trust [103952/Z/14/Z].
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of liver cancer, causing the highest mortality in the world (). Although surgical operation or other intervention therapies are effective at an early stage of HCC, up to 70% of these early stage patients will develop to recurrent tumors within five years (), suggesting that it is quite important to establish a promising biomarker for early diagnosis of the development of HCC. Although considerable progress has been made in HCC biomarkers discovery, very few biomarkers have exhibited promising clinical outcome. AFP (alpha-fetoprotein), is currently being considered as a well-established biomarker for HCC, but the positive predictive value is estimated less than 33% (). Furthermore, the association of AFP with ultrasonography only improved the sensitivity by around 7% and the specificity by only 2% compared to applying ultrasonography alone, while increasing the cost of the screening (). In addition, not only less than 20% (10–20%) portion of early stage tumors present with abnormal AFP serum levels (), but also high serum AFP level in cirrhosis patients could be caused by HBV or HCV infection, or exacerbation of other underlying liver diseases other than HCC (). These information above clearly demonstrated that AFP may not be a ideal biomarker for HCC diagnosis. The otherbiomarkers, such as DCP (des-γ-carboxy prothrombin), GPC3 (glypican-3), and GP73 (Golgi protein 73) (), have been proposed as early biomarkers for HCC, cannot stand for a criteria to assess the development of HCC. To date, none of these squalene epoxidase are promising in predicting the risk of HCC occurrence and no effective systemic biomarkers have been established. Predicting cancer occurrence by simple blood testing is most rapid and convenient way for early detection of human disease. However, many approaches to identify HCC biomarkers are based on NGS (next generation sequencing) technology (), which is costly and time-consuming. In a study published in this issue of , demonstrated that the serum level of TGF-β1 negatively correlates with HCC occurrence, suggesting the potential of TGF-β1 as a novel biomarker for HCC early detection v. TGF-β1 is one of three members of the transforming growth factor β superfamily of cytokines. It is a secreted protein involved in a number of cellular functions, including cell proliferation, cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Meindl-Beinker group revealed that TGF-β1 may function as a tumor suppressor at early stages of liver damage, whereas TGF-β1 may promote tumor associated phenotype rat cancer early stages (). Moreover they also showed that TGF-β1 could function as a molecular switch of the pathway from cytostatic to tumor promoting in survival signaling pathways in hepatocytes. These findings suggest TGF-β1 be a novel therapeutic target for inhibition of liver disease progression (). In this present study, a nested case-controlled (NCC) study was employed as the statistics method (). Different from a case-control study, only a subset of controls from the cohort is compared to the incident cases in a NCC study (). In this NCC study, factors such as HCV infection were matched to selecting controls from relevant risk sets, which could be more efficient and reliable than a case control study with the same number of controls. Since little is known about the relationship between TGF-β1 related pathway and HCV-positive HCC, further study may be required to show the role of TGF-β1 in these individuals. Furthermore, an alternative interpretation for the decreased serum level of TGF-β1 is the enhanced uptake of TGF-β1 by liver tissue. Increase of cellular TGF-β1 may significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of HCC, thus, the intracellular level of TGF-β1 and pathological analysis in liver tissues may be of importance to be investigated in the future.