Archives

  • 2018-07
  • 2018-10
  • 2018-11
  • 2019-04
  • 2019-05
  • 2019-06
  • 2019-07
  • 2019-08
  • 2019-09
  • 2019-10
  • 2019-11
  • 2019-12
  • 2020-01
  • 2020-02
  • 2020-03
  • 2020-04
  • 2020-05
  • 2020-06
  • 2020-07
  • 2020-08
  • 2020-09
  • 2020-10
  • 2020-11
  • 2020-12
  • 2021-01
  • 2021-02
  • 2021-03
  • 2021-04
  • 2021-05
  • 2021-06
  • 2021-07
  • 2021-08
  • 2021-09
  • 2021-10
  • 2021-11
  • 2021-12
  • 2022-01
  • 2022-02
  • 2022-03
  • 2022-04
  • 2022-05
  • 2022-06
  • 2022-07
  • 2022-08
  • 2022-09
  • 2022-10
  • 2022-11
  • 2022-12
  • 2023-01
  • 2023-02
  • 2023-03
  • 2023-04
  • 2023-05
  • 2023-06
  • 2023-07
  • 2023-08
  • 2023-09
  • 2023-10
  • 2023-11
  • 2023-12
  • 2024-01
  • 2024-02
  • 2024-03
  • carnitine palmitoyltransferase br Acknowledgements The autho

    2018-11-12


    Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. S.S. Kadam, Vice-Chancellor and Dr. K.R. Mahadik, Principal, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, India, for providing necessary facilities to carry out the study. The research work was carried out as a part of Indian Council for Agriculture Research sponsored project under National Agriculture Innovation Project entitled “A value chain on Linseed – processing and value addition for profitability (grant no – F. No. NAIP (SRLS-S) II)”. Authors are thankful to Serum Institute of India, Pune, India for providing Doxorubicin as a gift sample and also thanks to Dr. Laxman, Ruska Labs, College of Veterinary Sciences, SVVU, Hyderabad, India for analyzing and interpretation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase microscopy results.
    Introduction N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) is a potent hepatocarcinogenic nitrosamine present in tobacco smoke, ground water with high level of nitrates, cheddar cheese, cured and fried meals, soya beans, alcoholic beverages, occupational settings, cosmetics, agricultural chemicals and pharmaceutical agents [1,2]. In the liver, cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) activates N-nitrosodiethylamine [3] to form electrophilic and reactive oxygen species [4], which causes oxidative damage leading to cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity [5,6]. Oxygen-derived radicals known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) include the highly reactive superoxide (O2−), hydroxyl (OH) and peroxyl (RO2) as well as non-radicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) [7]. The productions of these reactive species (O2−, OH, RO2, H2O2 and ONOO−) are usually in response to endogenous and exogenous stimulus [8]. Regardless of the origin, increased ROS production or oxidative stress results to either activation of specific signal transduction pathways or damage to cellular components resulting to adaptive and maladaptive molecular responses, respectively [9]. Cell death arising from carbonylation of protein, peroxidation of lipids and fragmentation of DNA are consequential effects of ROS-induced oxidative stress [10]. Furthermore, excessive ROS production has been reported to stimulate oncogenesis via alterations in redox regulated signaling pathways suggesting that the redox state plays a critical role in signal transduction, cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis [11,12]. Antioxidant defense arsenal in liver cells is responsible for the detoxification of ROS and repair damage resulting from ROS [13]. Thus, catastrophic free radical events such as lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and fragmentation of DNA are rarely the cause of cell death in realistic in vivo condition [14]. However, when the antioxidant defense arsenals are overwhelmed, ROS cause direct damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, leading to cell death [15]. Consumptions of dietary antioxidants complement the cellular defense system to prevent oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules. Recently, we have reported the antioxidants and cytoprotective activities of some dietary medicinal plants and alluded the protective role to the polyphenolic and flavonoid constituents of the plants [16–19]. Sorghum bicolor grains represent one of the common cereals that is widely consumed in Nigeria because of the good amount of antioxidant, carbohydrate and protein contents. Sorghum (S. bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important staple food in developing countries of the semi-arid tropics. It is the world\'s fifth most important cereal, with higher protein content than corn [20]. It is particularly important as human food resource and folk medicine in Asia and Africa. Studies have shown that sorghum has antioxidant activity, anti-carcinogenic effects, anti-mutagenic effects, cholesterol-lowering effects and can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease [21,22]. Most of these activities have been shown to be due to the presence of numerous flavonoids, phenolics and anthocyanins in sorghum. Recently, Ajiboye et al. [23] reported that S. bicolor grains extract protected NDEA-induced oxidative stress in rat microsomes in vitro[23].