Medicinal plants refer to the class of plants applied for

Medicinal plants refer to the class of plants applied for therapy or to possess pharmacological actions for human and animal. In morphological aspect, there is no difference between medicinal and others plants, except the characteristics of certain plant to exhibit medicinal benefits. Indonesia comprises about 110 million hectares and serves about 80% world medicinal plants. It is estimated that 28,000 plant species exist in Indonesian forest. Of these, 7,000 species are medicinal plants, which is equal to 90% of medicinal plants in Asia. So far, 1000 species have been known and utilized in traditional medicine [4]. In terms of the Indonesian medicinal plant diversity, more than 250 medicinal plant species from 165 genera and 75 family have been used by Dayak Ransa tribe in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. About 200 species of forest medicinal plants have been used by Kenyah Dayak community in Apo Kayan plateau in Indonesia. Furthermore, it has been reported that there are 62 medicinal plants species used by Dayak Benuaq community in West Kutai, Indonesia [5–7]. In the last decade, the demand for antimicrobial agents is increasing due to emergent clinical microbial strains resistant to one or several gp120 [8]. Plants promise a source of natural antimicrobial agents. It has been reported that the antimicrobial activity of plants is related with the defense mechanism against microorganism [9]. Other applications for natural antioxidants may include bioactive nutraceuticals, bio-pharmaceuticals, and food additives. In relation to that, the extraction, characterization and utilization of natural antioxidants are intensively performed to find potent candidates in combating the aging process [10,11]. Bentian is a local tribe exists in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. As a sub tribe of the Dayak, the Bentian\'s community still uses medicinal plants as an alternative healthcare treatment for several types of disease such as scabies, wounds, sore eyes, broken bones, arthritis, treatment of pregnant and postpartum mothers, diabetes, fever and others [12]. Despite the extensive uses, there have been only limited attempts to explore the biological properties of the plants in relation to their medicinal uses. Here, we present data on antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of ten medicinal plants collected from the Bentian tribe in Indonesia.
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgments This study was supported by an International Research Collaboration and Scientific Publication Grant from DGHE-Ministry of Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia (Contract No. 361/H17.16/PG/2014). The research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2010-0008259). PT. Kaltim Methanol Industri, Bontang, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, is gratefully acknowledged for providing some chemicals.
Introduction Multiple myeloma (MM) is a terminally differentiated B-cell malignant tumor characterized by malignant plasma infiltrated into the bone marrow combined with high levels of monoclonal protein in the blood or urine [1]. The majority of patients with multiple myeloma are older than 50, with most diagnosed in their mid-60s. Application of proteasome inhibitors and/or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has prolonged, to some extent, the overall survival and the progression-free survival of patients. However, the disease is still thought to be incurable because of multidrug resistance and disease progression [2]. Concerning pathogenesis, constitutive activation of Akt has been found to occur frequently in both primary MM specimens and cell lines [3]. The Akt signaling pathway acts as an important regulator of cell apoptosis by modulating downstream factor Bad [4]. Furthermore, unlike the genomes of most hematological malignancies, MM genomes are similar to those of solid-tissue neoplasms and typified by mutations in oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes as well as by chromosomal aberrations, some of which have been closely linked to disease pathogenesis [5].