Archives

  • 2018-07
  • 2018-10
  • 2018-11
  • 2019-04
  • 2019-05
  • 2019-06
  • 2019-07
  • 2019-08
  • 2019-09
  • 2019-10
  • 2019-11
  • 2019-12
  • 2020-01
  • 2020-02
  • 2020-03
  • 2020-04
  • 2020-05
  • 2020-06
  • 2020-07
  • 2020-08
  • 2020-09
  • 2020-10
  • 2020-11
  • 2020-12
  • 2021-01
  • 2021-02
  • 2021-03
  • 2021-04
  • 2021-05
  • 2021-06
  • 2021-07
  • 2021-08
  • 2021-09
  • 2021-10
  • 2021-11
  • 2021-12
  • 2022-01
  • 2022-02
  • 2022-03
  • 2022-04
  • 2022-05
  • 2022-06
  • 2022-07
  • 2022-08
  • 2022-09
  • 2022-10
  • 2022-11
  • 2022-12
  • 2023-01
  • 2023-02
  • 2023-03
  • 2023-04
  • 2023-05
  • 2023-06
  • 2023-07
  • 2023-08
  • 2023-09
  • 2023-10
  • 2023-11
  • 2023-12
  • 2024-01
  • 2024-02
  • 2024-03
  • In addition to cleaving ubiquitins off modified proteins DUB

    2021-04-22

    In addition to cleaving ubiquitins off modified proteins, DUBs can also cleave between ubiquitin moieties within a polyubiquitin chain to edit the ubiquitin signal. DUBs employ different strategies to recognize polyubiquitin (Figure 1). DUBs that rely only on interactions on the S1 site tend to be how to find molarity promiscuous and will cleave polyubiquitin chains of all linkage types. In contrast, some DUBs display remarkable preference for cleaving polyubiquitin chains of certain linkage types. DUBs such as OTULIN and AMSH rely on additional interactions on the proximal S1′ site to cleave Met1 and Lys63 ubiquitin chains, respectively, in a linkage-selective manner. Such linkage specificity has been inferred using diubiquitin as substrate and thereby reflects specificity determined by S1-S1′ interactions (Figure 1C). To study such linkage-selective DUBs, diubiquitin-based probes carrying an electrophilic group between the two ubiquitins have been developed to capture the DUB with ubiquitins positioned in the S1 and S1′ sites (Figure 1D) (McGouran et al., 2013, Mulder et al., 2014). A third mechanism has recently been recognized for DUBs such as OTUD2 (Mevissen et al., 2013) and the coronavirus DUB SARS PLpro (Békés et al., 2015) that harbor an additional S2 binding site that enables these DUBs to bind to longer ubiquitin chains and to cleave off ubiquitin at the proximal end. How ubiquitin binding away from the catalytic site at the S2 pocket determines substrate selectivity is poorly understood. The commonly used qualitative gel-based cleavage assays using diubiquitin chains of different linkages as substrates and the available chemical probes do not provide any information about the role of the S2 site in driving linkage preferences in DUBs. To be able to study DUBs that use S2 pocket binding to modulate DUB activity and specificity, Flierman et al. (2016) designed a set of novel probes based on non-hydrolyzable how to find molarity diubiquitin that target the S1 and S2 sites (Figure 1E). The OTU family DUB OTUD2 contains an S2 site in addition to an S1 and S1′ site within its catalytic domain (Mevissen et al., 2013) and is mainly reactive toward K11-linked probes. To investigate the role of the S2 pocket in greater detail, Flierman et al. (2016) also developed diubiquitin fluorogenic substrates containing 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) at the C terminus to study kinetic parameters. The catalytic domain of OTUD2 shows a preference for cleaving K11-linked chains and in addition to the S1 and S2 binding pockets, OTUD2 uses S1′ interactions to achieve selectivity. OTUD3 is structurally similar to OTUD2 and also prefers K11 linked chains for the S1–S2 binding but in contrast to OTUD2, OTUD3 cleaves K6-linked diubiquitin bound across the S1 and S1′ sites. This suggests that OTUD3 may work on heterotypic chains containing K11 and K6 linkages. From the first ubiquitin probes that were reported nearly 20 years ago, several new probes with improved design and application have been developed in recent years. The novel probes developed by Flierman et al. (2016) are an exciting addition to the existing toolkit that will allow us to study DUBs that use additional S2 site interactions. Mechanistic studies of DUBs are now possible thanks to these advances. At the same time, this advance also stresses the use of different probes to get a more complete picture of the mechanism used by a DUB. These nonhydrolyzable probes will also be invaluable tools for structural studies that will reveal the underlying molecular basis of how linkage specificity is driven by S2 site binding and whether S2 site interaction induces long-range conformational changes in the catalytic site. These probes also lay the platform to design new probes to investigate S1, S2, and S1′ sites simultaneously (Figure 1F). One can envisage these probes containing a non-hydrolyzable diubiquitin that binds at the S1–S2 sites and an electrophilic group between the S1 and S1′ ubiquitins to covalently trap the DUB.